Geology

Within Science

Map of Alaska with Anchorage displayed. 1964 Epicenter indicated on coastline in bay adjacent to Anchorage. Caption: The epicenter was in Prince William Sound

Dry, brown grass and brush with crumbling rocks throughout and a flat-topped rocky hill in the background. Caption: punctuated by hills, badlands, and bluffs --

Person walking through low hills of green and brown shrubs and rock strewn in red soil. Caption: through the Texas Panhandle.

Illustration of a man sitting at a desk, looking off into the distance at nothing. Caption: Maybe the continents drifted apart.

A subduction zone. In a subduction zone oceanic plate dives beneath the continental plate. Contact at time equal zero. G P S at time equals zero. Caption: Megathrust earthquakes most commonly occur

Rolling two-peaked hill and valley covered in trees. Caption: Inexplicably, Capulin Volcano is tree covered,

A tree lined river with steep banks on one side. Caption: you have groundwater that flows into the river

Cave with stalactites and stalagmites in light brown rock. Caption: and great cathedrals of rock

Rolling brown foothills ending in San Francisco Bay with the Golden Gate bridge in the foreground. Caption: This movement is called an earthquake.

Still image from: Core Geology

Illustration of Earth. Midlatitude jet stream (cool) at the top of the globe and Subtropical jet stream (warm) close to the equator. Both move clockwise. Caption: it is a powerful band of winds known for bringing winter storms

Map of the United States with NE, IA, KS, MO, AR, OK, NM, and TX marked. Pawnee, OK is at the epicenter of a circle indicating an earthquake. Caption: A 5.6 magnitude earthquake northeast of Oklahoma City.

Narrow paved path spiraling to the top of a rocky conical structure. Caption: a great fissure opened up in Central Idaho

Map of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding landmasses with the coastlines highlighted. Underwater images of craggy rocks and deep fissures. Caption: scientists have nicknamed the area the "Ring of Fire."

Glowing lava and steam spew rocks under the water. Caption: how ocean islands and undersea volcanoes are born.

A river with brush lining the banks winds down from a mountain through evergreen trees. Caption: Here there is no fancy visitor center.

Rock formation rises sharply from evergreen tree covered ground to end in a narrowed flat-topped peak. Caption: (male narrator) There's nothing quite like it.

Layers of red sedimentary rock forming the cliffs to the Grand Canyon. Caption: (woman) Question of the day: How was the Grand Canyon formed?

Map of Earth against starry sky with the tectonic plates outlined around the continents. Caption: is covered by ten major tectonic plates,

Earth with a thin halo labeled as greenhouse gases. Caption: Greenhouse gases are mostly water vapor and carbon dioxide.

Two parallel peaks of rock with a line of magma rising between them. Arrows point to each of the peaks. Divergent boundaries occur on the sea floor. Caption: The magma quickly hardens and forms.

Matter - icons representing solid, liquid, and gas. Caption: of a solid, a liquid, or a gas,

Still image from: Earth Science: The Branches of Earth Science (Module 1, Topic 1)

Still image from: Earth Time: Evolution And Human Memory

Boiling orange-red magma. Caption: the most violent natural forces in our planet--

Still image from: Earthquakes & Mountains

Still image from: Eons: How Volcanoes Froze the Earth (Twice)

Still image from: Eons: The Story of the Dino Stampede

Still image from: Eons: The World Before Plate Tectonics

Clear container full of water with red object dissolving in it. Caption: Carefully observe the movement of the warm colored water

Diagram of two plates of the Earth's crust causing an earthquake. The epicenter is at the junction point of the plates below the surface. Caption: Seismic waves - Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake.

Lava spewing from a crack in the Earth's surface. Caption: for scientists from the Hawaii Volcano Observatory

Grass and wildflower covered field surrounded by evergreen trees and snow-capped mountains. Spanish captions.

Aerial view of a string of islands. Light bluish green water surrounds the islands. Caption: The valley's called the Tongue of the Ocean.

Still image from: Fire and Ice

Rolling hills lead into a wide valley. Caption: Known as Fossil Lake, Fossil Butte National Monument

Person with a pad of paper and pen kneeling next to a pond with ducks swimming. Closeup of a duck. Caption: with the impacts on the wildlife.

Manmade dam as seen from below. Caption: to create even more complicated structures.

Stream of water running through soil. There is no plant life holding the soil in place. Caption: we typically identify as "soil erosion."

Person talking with an inset picture of a laboratory. Caption: People usually think science happens in the lab.

Sloped hills leading to a body of water. Caption: from which the Hagerman fossils have been excavated.

Dry, brown hilly terrain. Caption: The landscape and the vegetation changed rapidly.

Streaks of dark and light. Caption: the climate was still unstable, particularly the spring of 536.

Cross section of earth showing deep fissures. Caption: separated by huge cracks running deep into the crust,

$View of the ground and lake partially covered by snow. Caption: But even that is just a fraction of the total flood$

Molten, glowing sphere being pelted by rocks. Caption: was the fledgling Earth.

Several volcanoes oozing lava and emitting smoke. Caption: They were pushed back by these mountains of fire.

Cross section of earth showing a bulge of magma sending streaks of magma up through cracks in Earth's crust to the surface where they exit as lava. Caption: the bulging crust bust open,

Tall, snowy, and rocky mountain as seen from below. Caption: Is Everest shrinking or growing?

Lava field in foreground with evergreen trees and snowy mountain in background. Caption: Southwest of St. Helens, he investigates an area

Sand dunes. Caption: The wind that builds them also blows them away,

Steeply sloping walls of layered, red sedimentary rock. Caption: the Grand Canyon remains the most famous of them all.

Lava shooting into the air. Caption: pouring out of volcanoes all around the Ring of Fire.

Illustration of a plate of Earth's crust being pushed beneath a second plate. Caption: (narrator) As the two plates moved towards each other,

A volcano emits ash and smoke, as seen from a city street. Caption: (narrator) It's the nightmare scenario that everyone fears.

A rocky sheer cliff with a river cascading down the face of it, as seen from above. Caption: is shaping this magnificent landscape.

Closeup of fingers picking up a sliver of grayish rock. Caption: Gabbro is formed from the cooling of magma.

Busy freeway with palm trees and high-rise buildings in the background. Caption: virtually identical to the San Andreas

Still image from: Into the Outdoors: Decoding the Science of Crude Oil

Still image from: Into the Outdoors: The Physics and Chemistry of Karst Topography

People standing on an overlook in a cave. Caption: Even the average tourist is an explorer in this cave--

Map of the northwest United States showing John Day Fossil Beds in Washington, Idaho, and Montana. Clarno Unit, Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Hills Unit are in Oregon. Caption: preserve a continuous 40-million-year fossil record

Rock formations with straight sides rise above rocky red landscape dotted with trees. Spanish captions.

Rough lava rocks with a few trees growing out of them. Caption: (male narrator) Laval Beds National Monument is all things volcanic.

Photograph of Charles Richter. Caption: who was the first to make measurements of ground motion

3D computer model showing structures with elevation information. Range is from 3 to -3km Caption: We also use physics to study deep inside the earth.

Ship with industrial equipment and a crane lowering something into the water. Caption: There are two seismometers named after me

Aerial view of a wide canyon cut through reddish-brown rock. Caption: When you live there, when you're from there,

Illustration of rain falling on a rock. Caption: It is a very slow process that happens over millions of years.

Illustration of two people walking, one wearing a knapsack with an iguana on their head. Caption: "We have got to warn my village. The mountain is angry.

Illustration of a small single-sail boat dwarfed by a menacing wave. Caption: "about your tornados, winds, and currents.

Illustration of a stream of water being heated by underground magma. Caption: In its heated state, the water wants to escape the spring

Illustration of a tree with a few leaves on the branches. Caption: This bark can be very thin, or quite thick.

Illustration of a stream of water falling down the side of a mountain. Caption: Waterfalls are often stronger during spring,

Illustration of a river and tree partially obscured by grayish-white thin clouds. Caption: When we can see through the cloud, we call it a mist.

Two people in a hammock, suspended above the ground. Caption: A low, rumbling sound, muffled and far away,

Illustration of a large chunk of ice floating in the water. Caption: It floats and drifts on the ocean.

Illustration of a pocket of water below the earth's surface. Caption: The water tables are nourished by the seeping-down rains.

Illustration of a mountain with snow on the peak starting to melt down one side of the mountain. Caption: Some floods are triggered by mountain snows melting

Illustration of a map of the world. Caption: Cenotes are found in North America and Central America,

Illustration of rough water with a dark, funnel shaped cloud touching the surface. Caption: Ocean tornadoes move very rapidly.

Illustration of a person laying down in a boat as the boat runs aground on a beach. Caption: Slowly, his boat came to rest on a familiar beach.

Illustration of a mountain in heavy rain with darker earth running down one side of it. Caption: (narrator) Mudslides are very fluid, and flow very, very quickly.

Illustration of the Earth and other planets with a belt of floating rocks between them. Caption: Our planet is surrounded by a belt of asteroids

Illustration of a dry, brown landscape and an orange sun. Caption: These areas are very dry and semi-arid,

Image of a layer of ice above liquid water. Caption: This is called sea ice.

Illustration of mountains with a raincloud over the valley between them. Caption: Lakes provide not only drinkable water and water to spray crops,

Illustration of a ring of islands surrounded by a thin line of sand and shallow water. Caption: They can only be found in warm seas.

Illustration of a steep sand dune. Caption: We call these dunes singing dunes.

Illustration of a person on a hilltop facing a series of bigger mountains. Caption: (narrator) This phenomenon is called an echo.

Illustration of a high mountain with a channel in the middle worn away and a river of water on the bottom of the channel. Caption: We call this phenomenon erosion.

Illustration of water against a curved shoreline. Caption: The tides vary in strength in different places on Earth.

Illustration of an island breaking the water line with a larger volume of the island under water. Caption: These are called volcanic islands.

Person wearing a backpack and a headlamp moving through a narrow opening in a crouched position. Caption: Okay, I'm going down a slope. It looks a little slippery.

Illustration of three round particles. Pyrite Particles. Caption: These tiny pyrite particles can travel a long distance away

Domed, dripping rock structures line the wall of a cave. Caption: but only one that is a marble cave.

Bear in a river on all fours with a fish in its mouth. Caption: animals live in and around lakes and rivers.

Skeleton of a dinosaur head with large teeth. Caption: Like the dinosaur age or the age of fishes

Still image from: Physical Features of Earth

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--Geographical Regions

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--Human Impacts on the Natural Environment

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--Inventing the Tools of Geography

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--Landforms

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--Layering the Planet

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--Physical Geographic Influences on the Development of Human Societies

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--Portraying the Earth

Still image from: Physical Geography: Making Sense of Planet Earth--The Ever Changing Planet

Map of the Earth with the continents and underlying tectonic plates outlined. Caption: is made up of many tectonic plates

Vehicle driving along a dirt road towards mountains on a barren plain. Caption: We cannot stop these volcanoes from erupting,

Illustration of the Earth with a section cut away showing the crust as a thin layer and the mantle as a thicker layer beneath the crust. Caption: Rocks found in the mantle are pressed tightly together,

River with a few boats, a dense city along the banks. Caption: is that area generally covered by running water.

Sedimentary rock (erosion) is turned into metamorphic rock (heat and pressure); metamorphic rock changes to igneous rock; igneous (magma) rock can go back to metamorphic rock or can change to sedimentary rock. Caption: They can be broken down again and become sedimentary.

Rocky mountain covered in ash and rocks. Caption: welcome to Mount St. Helens.

Glowing lava as seen from above. Caption: Where exactly magma exits and turns into solid basalt

Helicopter hovering over a rocky, snow covered landscape. Caption: Traveling by helicopter, plane, and snowmobile,

A lattice-work ladder leading to a platform. Instruments and cables are placed on the lattice and platform. Caption: to study an earthquake at ground zero.

Platform in a warehouse holding a building suspended by struts. Caption: This shake table is the largest in the world,

Cooling lava turning into stone. Caption: Kilauea is one of the longest currently-erupting volcanoes.

A rock arch in Utah. Caption: of these spectacular geological landmarks.

Basin of a volcano. Caption: Calderas are found all over the world.

Basin of a volcano filled with water. Spanish captions.

Mouth of a cave. Caption: Caves exist all over the world and come in many sizes

People standing in the mouth of a large cave. Spanish captions.

Desert with low scrub and red rock formations rising in the distance. Caption: There are hot deserts and cold deserts.

Desert with a tree in the foreground, low scrub and red rock formations rising in the distance. Spanish captions.

A patch of dried, cracked, mud. Caption: There are three types of drought…

Closeup of light brown mud drying out so that cracks are forming along the edges. Spanish captions.

Land and ocean as seen from above with tectonic plates outlined. Caption: The tectonic plates naturally move along their edges

Land and ocean as seen from above with tectonic plates outlined. Spanish captions.

Cement cracked and broken down the center. Caption: Earthquakes cause rapid movement of the Earth's crust,

Derrick pumping oil. Caption: The oil is then pumped out of the ground.

Steep rocky mountain partially covered in snow and ice. Caption: As the glacier grows, the ice flows down the mountain

Steep rocky mountain partially covered in snow and ice. Spanish captions.

Map of the world with parts highlighted in green. Caption: Grasslands are found on every continent

Bison standing in dry grass. Spanish captions.

Landslide on the side of a mountain. Caption: Sometimes landslides are small, and hardly noticeable.

Large rock rolling downhill. Spanish captions.

A caldera filled with water. Caption: A caldera is a large crater-like depression in the earth.

A caldera filled with water. Spanish captions.

All the continents pushed together. Caption: as one big land mass--the continent of Pangea.

All the continents pushed together. Spanish captions

Earthworm on top of soil. Caption: Plants and animals provide nutrients to the soil.

Lava from a volcano cooling as it hits a body of water. Caption: Volcanic eruptions can also cause tsunamis.

Rolling ocean waves. Spanish captions.

Lava cooling down. Caption: When lava cools down, it forms igneous rock,

Mouth of volcano mid explosion. Spanish captions.

Mouth of volcano mid explosion. Caption: over 1,500 active volcanoes in the world.

Diagram of lava flow underneath Earth's surface. Spanish captions.

Four newts swimming underwater. Caption: are among the most biologically diverse regions on Earth.

Shovel partially sunk into dark brown soil. Caption: and if you've ever seen soil in a lush forest,

Still image from: Spot on Science: Interview With a Geologist

Ash from an eruption filling the air. Caption: An eruption could be the largest natural disaster

Person holding a silvery rock with geometric chunks on top and white and silver crystalline structures on the bottom. Caption: So this one looks like pyrite, but it's called arsenopyrite.

Illustration of globular organisms with fine hairs projecting from their body. Caption: When they die, their shells become part of the sediment.

Excavated preserved status of a person collapsed on the ground. Caption: And these are the last terrible moments of Pampeii--

Elephant reaching trunk into the foliage of a tree. Caption: And even here, life endures.

Magic school bus floating in lava. Caption: It's so hot, the Earth's crust is melting!

An explosive volcano filling the air with ash. Caption: several miles into the upper atmosphere,

Three people sitting on ground looking at rocks. Caption: Geologists divide sedimentary rocks into three main types…

Cluster of diamonds in their raw form. Spanish captions.

illustration of igneous rocks. On screen text, rocks that form from magma or lava. Caption: from cooling magma or lava are called igneous rocks.

Illustration of the layers of a rock. A portion of the rock contains Sodium, Potassium, and Aluminum. Caption: Felsic magma cools to form igneous rocks such as granite.

An illustration depicts a school of fish swimming past an underwater crater. On screen text, turbidite. Caption: on underwater marine slopes,

Illustration of a glacier with rigid ice at the apex and pliable ice at the surface. Caption: The upper ice on the glacier stays rigid.

Sun shining through machinery. Caption: because we get to look at something new in seismology.

Laptop computer showing a split screen of a picture and a computer image. Caption: and build a digital elevation model of the lava dome.

Computer screen showing a dry riverbed with a rushing wall of wet debris. Caption: Debris flows are masses of rock and mud and water

Aerial view of billowing gray clouds of ash and smoke. Caption: One tool of volcano seismology is the seismic network.

Camera on a tripod next to other equipment, covered in ice and snow. Caption: We need instruments that survive and still transmit data

Aerial view of a volcano emitting a plume of ash and dust. Caption: Our objective is to keep people safe

Satellite image of Africa with two lines separating a portion of the southeast edge. Caption: and prepares to split Africa in two.

Illustration of India and Asia to the north. A line of mountains separates the two. Caption: giving birth to the towering Himalayas.

Coastline of two land masses with ocean in between. Caption: North America and Europe are moving away from each other

Sparse vegetation on a rocky hillside. Caption: is the very first piece of the European continent.

Sun setting between two rocky outcroppings over a body of water. Caption: Today the landscapes tell the story of Pangea's birth,

Illustration of a globe with landmasses. Caption: on the fiery surface of the planet.

Illustration of the globe with Africa highlighted. Caption: until forming the African continent we know today.

A photograph of snow capped rocks. Caption: They come in all different colors, shapes, and sizes.

Waterfall greenery in the background. Caption: Weathering occurs all around us.

Water erupting from the ground. Caption: there's something unusual about how they work.

Person in a reflective heat-protecting suit crouches next to a pit of glowing lava. Caption: (narrator) Protected now, he moves closer and fishes for fresh lava.

Aerial view of a steeply descending hillside that ends in water. A cruise ship in in the water at the foot of the hillside. Caption: But the Santorini volcano puts Vesuvius to shame.

Large, flat plain with mountains in the distance. Caption: It's called the Altiplano --