The video 'Atoms' explores the fundamental building blocks of matter and delves into the structure and function of atoms. Key concepts include the composition of atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons, and their roles in forming the nucleus and balancing charges. It highlights the importance of the periodic table, atomic numbers, and the distinction between elements and molecules. The content aligns with science curricula, offering insights into atomic structure, chemical elements, and molecular formation, crucial for understanding physical science and chemistry at various educational levels.