Migration is central to human experience. Migration is central to human experience. Migration is central to human experience. And by migration, I mean people moving from one place And by migration, I mean people moving from one place And by migration, I mean people moving from one place to another with the intention of settling, to another with the intention of settling, to another with the intention of settling, either temporarily or for good. either temporarily or for good. either temporarily or for good. This is happening in our world right now, This is happening in our world right now, This is happening in our world right now, as we're witnessing the highest levels as we're witnessing the highest levels as we're witnessing the highest levels of human movement on record. of human movement on record. of human movement on record. And it's been happening since Homo sapiens And it's been happening since Homo sapiens And it's been happening since Homo sapiens first traveled out of Africa first traveled out of Africa first traveled out of Africa around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. People move for many different reasons, People move for many different reasons, People move for many different reasons, whether it's voluntary or forced, or due to war, whether it's voluntary or forced, or due to war, whether it's voluntary or forced, or due to war, persecution, discrimination, environmental forces, persecution, discrimination, environmental forces, persecution, discrimination, environmental forces, economic forces, or lack of opportunity. economic forces, or lack of opportunity. economic forces, or lack of opportunity. Whether or not movement has defined your human experience, Whether or not movement has defined your human experience, Whether or not movement has defined your human experience, you carry around evidence of the migration you carry around evidence of the migration you carry around evidence of the migration of your ancestors in your DNA. of your ancestors in your DNA. of your ancestors in your DNA. And you are wherever you are in part because of migration. And you are wherever you are in part because of migration. And you are wherever you are in part because of migration. Our world today is so different than the one Our world today is so different than the one Our world today is so different than the one our ancestors navigated, our ancestors navigated, our ancestors navigated, but the complex phenomenon of migration but the complex phenomenon of migration but the complex phenomenon of migration is something that links us all and still affects us all. is something that links us all and still affects us all. is something that links us all and still affects us all. This is the first of five videos This is the first of five videos This is the first of five videos that focuses on an aspect of life today that focuses on an aspect of life today that focuses on an aspect of life today and looks back to see how people from the past and looks back to see how people from the past and looks back to see how people from the past have made objects and artworks that speak to it in some way, have made objects and artworks that speak to it in some way, have made objects and artworks that speak to it in some way, and tell us something about their experience. and tell us something about their experience. and tell us something about their experience. This is art about migration. This is art about migration. This is art about migration.

(Describer) In a painting, Black people walk carrying bundles.

I don't know how I thought of this one first, I don't know how I thought of this one first, I don't know how I thought of this one first, but Jacob Lawrence's Migration series but Jacob Lawrence's Migration series but Jacob Lawrence's Migration series is a succession of 60 paintings is a succession of 60 paintings is a succession of 60 paintings made of tempera on board made of tempera on board made of tempera on board and measuring 12 by 18 inches each. and measuring 12 by 18 inches each. and measuring 12 by 18 inches each. The panels have captions that help tell the story The panels have captions that help tell the story The panels have captions that help tell the story of what in U.S. history is called the Great Migration, of what in U.S. history is called the Great Migration, of what in U.S. history is called the Great Migration, or that time starting in the 1910s or that time starting in the 1910s or that time starting in the 1910s and continuing for decades when more than 6 million and continuing for decades when more than 6 million and continuing for decades when more than 6 million African-Americans left the mostly rural South African-Americans left the mostly rural South African-Americans left the mostly rural South and moved to the mostly urban North. and moved to the mostly urban North. and moved to the mostly urban North. In 1910, the country's largest Black populations In 1910, the country's largest Black populations In 1910, the country's largest Black populations were in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. were in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. were in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. And by 1970, the country's largest Black populations And by 1970, the country's largest Black populations And by 1970, the country's largest Black populations were in New York, Illinois, and California. were in New York, Illinois, and California. were in New York, Illinois, and California. This giant exodus is now described This giant exodus is now described This giant exodus is now described in sweeping terms and totalizing statistics, in sweeping terms and totalizing statistics, in sweeping terms and totalizing statistics, but Lawrence's series makes this history personal and real. but Lawrence's series makes this history personal and real. but Lawrence's series makes this history personal and real. It begins in a train station with a mass of people It begins in a train station with a mass of people It begins in a train station with a mass of people on the move to Chicago, New York, and St. Louis, on the move to Chicago, New York, and St. Louis, on the move to Chicago, New York, and St. Louis, three of the major cities that attracted African-Americans three of the major cities that attracted African-Americans three of the major cities that attracted African-Americans who were seeking out work, security, who were seeking out work, security, who were seeking out work, security, better access to education, and the freedom to vote. better access to education, and the freedom to vote. better access to education, and the freedom to vote. Many were also escaping the harsh conditions of the South Many were also escaping the harsh conditions of the South Many were also escaping the harsh conditions of the South and fewer farming jobs due to flooding and fewer farming jobs due to flooding and fewer farming jobs due to flooding and boll weevil infestation. and boll weevil infestation. and boll weevil infestation. Good opportunities were few, and racism extreme. Good opportunities were few, and racism extreme. Good opportunities were few, and racism extreme. Lynchings were very much a part of life, Lynchings were very much a part of life, Lynchings were very much a part of life, and often had a hand in families' deliberations and often had a hand in families' deliberations and often had a hand in families' deliberations over whether and when to leave. over whether and when to leave. over whether and when to leave. Those leaving the South were also Those leaving the South were also Those leaving the South were also responding to the need for labor in the North-- responding to the need for labor in the North-- responding to the need for labor in the North-- jobs available because of those away fighting in World War I jobs available because of those away fighting in World War I jobs available because of those away fighting in World War I and an increased demand for American goods and an increased demand for American goods and an increased demand for American goods at home and abroad. at home and abroad. at home and abroad. Labor agents from the North came south to recruit workers, Labor agents from the North came south to recruit workers, Labor agents from the North came south to recruit workers, providing train tickets whose cost providing train tickets whose cost providing train tickets whose cost had to be worked off upon arrival. had to be worked off upon arrival. had to be worked off upon arrival. The decision to leave wasn't easy. The decision to leave wasn't easy. The decision to leave wasn't easy. And neither was the reality of what And neither was the reality of what And neither was the reality of what was faced once they reached their destinations. was faced once they reached their destinations. was faced once they reached their destinations. Some of the housing was better, and some was worse-- Some of the housing was better, and some was worse-- Some of the housing was better, and some was worse-- overcrowded tenement houses that led overcrowded tenement houses that led overcrowded tenement houses that led to a higher incidence of tuberculosis. to a higher incidence of tuberculosis. to a higher incidence of tuberculosis. Working conditions weren't great either. Working conditions weren't great either. Working conditions weren't great either. Many learned only upon arrival that they'd Many learned only upon arrival that they'd Many learned only upon arrival that they'd been brought in as strikebreakers been brought in as strikebreakers been brought in as strikebreakers and suffered retaliation. and suffered retaliation. and suffered retaliation. And there was still tremendous discrimination, open hostility And there was still tremendous discrimination, open hostility And there was still tremendous discrimination, open hostility from Northerners of many skin colors, from Northerners of many skin colors, from Northerners of many skin colors, as well as riots and protests to their arrival as well as riots and protests to their arrival as well as riots and protests to their arrival in some neighborhoods. in some neighborhoods. in some neighborhoods. Migrants built strong communities nevertheless, Migrants built strong communities nevertheless, Migrants built strong communities nevertheless, often centered around the church, often centered around the church, often centered around the church, and exercised their rights to vote and access education. and exercised their rights to vote and access education. and exercised their rights to vote and access education. The series was painted in 1940 and '41 The series was painted in 1940 and '41 The series was painted in 1940 and '41 by 23-year-old Jacob Lawrence, by 23-year-old Jacob Lawrence, by 23-year-old Jacob Lawrence, whose parents were originally from the South whose parents were originally from the South whose parents were originally from the South and were very much part of this migration. and were very much part of this migration. and were very much part of this migration. After moving around the Northeast, After moving around the Northeast, After moving around the Northeast, Lawrence and his family arrived in Harlem in 1930, Lawrence and his family arrived in Harlem in 1930, Lawrence and his family arrived in Harlem in 1930, where he found a community of mentors where he found a community of mentors where he found a community of mentors who fostered his development as an artist who fostered his development as an artist who fostered his development as an artist and ignited his interest in Black history. and ignited his interest in Black history. and ignited his interest in Black history. He got a job with the Federal Art Project, He got a job with the Federal Art Project, He got a job with the Federal Art Project, chronicled the history of Haitian revolutionary chronicled the history of Haitian revolutionary chronicled the history of Haitian revolutionary Toussaint L'Ouverture, and illustrated Toussaint L'Ouverture, and illustrated Toussaint L'Ouverture, and illustrated the accomplishments of Harriet Tubman. the accomplishments of Harriet Tubman. the accomplishments of Harriet Tubman. In 1940, Lawrence received a $1,500 grant In 1940, Lawrence received a $1,500 grant In 1940, Lawrence received a $1,500 grant to create our series in question, to create our series in question, to create our series in question, allowing him to rent a studio, travel to the South allowing him to rent a studio, travel to the South allowing him to rent a studio, travel to the South for the first time with his wife, for the first time with his wife, for the first time with his wife, painter Gwendolyn Knight, painter Gwendolyn Knight, painter Gwendolyn Knight, and conduct research through written and oral accounts. and conduct research through written and oral accounts. and conduct research through written and oral accounts. But it was also a history that he had lived, But it was also a history that he had lived, But it was also a history that he had lived, and that was very much alive around him. and that was very much alive around him. and that was very much alive around him. Lawrence worked on all 60 panels at once, Lawrence worked on all 60 panels at once, Lawrence worked on all 60 panels at once, laying down flat areas of color one by one laying down flat areas of color one by one laying down flat areas of color one by one to keep them consistent across the series. to keep them consistent across the series. to keep them consistent across the series. Knight prepared the panels and helped write the captions Knight prepared the panels and helped write the captions Knight prepared the panels and helped write the captions that go along with each image. that go along with each image. that go along with each image. The captions contain the repetition of certain words The captions contain the repetition of certain words The captions contain the repetition of certain words that, with the repetition of colors and forms, that, with the repetition of colors and forms, that, with the repetition of colors and forms, contribute to the feeling contribute to the feeling contribute to the feeling of syncopation or rhythm in the work. of syncopation or rhythm in the work. of syncopation or rhythm in the work. A sense of momentum permeates the series, A sense of momentum permeates the series, A sense of momentum permeates the series, providing us glimpses into individual moments providing us glimpses into individual moments providing us glimpses into individual moments and scenes of this vast experience and scenes of this vast experience and scenes of this vast experience of millions of people. of millions of people. of millions of people. It comes together to form a cohesive It comes together to form a cohesive It comes together to form a cohesive and yet also intimate story, and yet also intimate story, and yet also intimate story, not a historical event firmly rooted in the past, not a historical event firmly rooted in the past, not a historical event firmly rooted in the past, but something still very much underway. but something still very much underway. but something still very much underway. The series ends where it begins, at a train station, The series ends where it begins, at a train station, The series ends where it begins, at a train station, with the words "And the migrants kept coming." with the words "And the migrants kept coming." with the words "And the migrants kept coming." And they did until around 1970 when Black populations And they did until around 1970 when Black populations And they did until around 1970 when Black populations began to grow again began to grow again began to grow again in metropolitan areas of the South. in metropolitan areas of the South. in metropolitan areas of the South. But Lawrence's series has lived on, But Lawrence's series has lived on, But Lawrence's series has lived on, continuing to tell the tale of individuals deciding continuing to tell the tale of individuals deciding continuing to tell the tale of individuals deciding to take huge leaps of faith to find out whether or not to take huge leaps of faith to find out whether or not to take huge leaps of faith to find out whether or not their lives might be better off lived somewhere else. their lives might be better off lived somewhere else. their lives might be better off lived somewhere else. Others who took enormous leaps of faith Others who took enormous leaps of faith Others who took enormous leaps of faith were those who set out in long distance seafaring canoes were those who set out in long distance seafaring canoes were those who set out in long distance seafaring canoes to populate an enormous span of islands to populate an enormous span of islands to populate an enormous span of islands in the Pacific Ocean some 3,500 to 4,000 years ago. in the Pacific Ocean some 3,500 to 4,000 years ago. in the Pacific Ocean some 3,500 to 4,000 years ago. We can trace their journey through fragments We can trace their journey through fragments We can trace their journey through fragments of the distinctive terracotta pottery they left behind. of the distinctive terracotta pottery they left behind. of the distinctive terracotta pottery they left behind. Archaeologists began referring to the people Archaeologists began referring to the people Archaeologists began referring to the people who created this pottery as "Lapita" in 1952, who created this pottery as "Lapita" in 1952, who created this pottery as "Lapita" in 1952, after mishearing the Kanak community's word after mishearing the Kanak community's word after mishearing the Kanak community's word for the site in New Caledonia for the site in New Caledonia for the site in New Caledonia where fragments had been found. where fragments had been found. where fragments had been found. The potsherds found there-- The potsherds found there-- The potsherds found there-- that's the archaeological term for broken pieces of ceramics-- that's the archaeological term for broken pieces of ceramics-- that's the archaeological term for broken pieces of ceramics-- were eventually dated to 800 BCE. were eventually dated to 800 BCE. were eventually dated to 800 BCE. By linking stylistically sherds in more than 200 sites By linking stylistically sherds in more than 200 sites By linking stylistically sherds in more than 200 sites that span over 4,000 kilometers, archaeologists that span over 4,000 kilometers, archaeologists that span over 4,000 kilometers, archaeologists began to visualize this incredible movement began to visualize this incredible movement began to visualize this incredible movement of the Lapita people. of the Lapita people. of the Lapita people. Through the dating of these fragments unearthed Through the dating of these fragments unearthed Through the dating of these fragments unearthed in stratigraphic layers, we can chart the departure in stratigraphic layers, we can chart the departure in stratigraphic layers, we can chart the departure of the Lapita from Taiwan around 2000 BCE, of the Lapita from Taiwan around 2000 BCE, of the Lapita from Taiwan around 2000 BCE, and see that they made it to the Bismarck archipelago and see that they made it to the Bismarck archipelago and see that they made it to the Bismarck archipelago by around 1400 BCE, and that they spread out by around 1400 BCE, and that they spread out by around 1400 BCE, and that they spread out to areas as distant as Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa to areas as distant as Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa to areas as distant as Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa by about 850 BCE. by about 850 BCE. by about 850 BCE. That's a long way to go. That's a long way to go. That's a long way to go. The Lapita were clearly master navigators and seafarers, The Lapita were clearly master navigators and seafarers, The Lapita were clearly master navigators and seafarers, but they also made and decorated their pottery but they also made and decorated their pottery but they also made and decorated their pottery in a particular way. in a particular way. in a particular way. They blended reddish brown clay with sand They blended reddish brown clay with sand They blended reddish brown clay with sand and shaped the vessels by hand. and shaped the vessels by hand. and shaped the vessels by hand. The pieces were decorated with comb-like stamps that The pieces were decorated with comb-like stamps that The pieces were decorated with comb-like stamps that pierced the surface of the wet clay pierced the surface of the wet clay pierced the surface of the wet clay and formed motifs and patterns and formed motifs and patterns and formed motifs and patterns that ranged from simple to complex. that ranged from simple to complex. that ranged from simple to complex. A paste of white coral lime was applied A paste of white coral lime was applied A paste of white coral lime was applied to make the decoration more apparent. to make the decoration more apparent. to make the decoration more apparent. And the pots were placed in open fires to harden. And the pots were placed in open fires to harden. And the pots were placed in open fires to harden. They made mostly bowls and flat-bottomed vessels, They made mostly bowls and flat-bottomed vessels, They made mostly bowls and flat-bottomed vessels, which they used for serving and storing food. which they used for serving and storing food. which they used for serving and storing food. And we know from sherds found in the Mussau Islands, And we know from sherds found in the Mussau Islands, And we know from sherds found in the Mussau Islands, where there is very little naturally occurring clay, where there is very little naturally occurring clay, where there is very little naturally occurring clay, that the Lapita either took their pots with them that the Lapita either took their pots with them that the Lapita either took their pots with them as they traveled or brought in materials as they traveled or brought in materials as they traveled or brought in materials from other places. from other places. from other places. But the amazing thing is that while there's But the amazing thing is that while there's But the amazing thing is that while there's plenty of variation in shape, and size, and complexity, plenty of variation in shape, and size, and complexity, plenty of variation in shape, and size, and complexity, what links these potsherds is a discernible what links these potsherds is a discernible what links these potsherds is a discernible and coherent system of patterning. and coherent system of patterning. and coherent system of patterning. Inspired by linguistic analysis, archaeologists Inspired by linguistic analysis, archaeologists Inspired by linguistic analysis, archaeologists have been able to categorize the design elements have been able to categorize the design elements have been able to categorize the design elements of Lapita pottery and parse a system of Lapita pottery and parse a system of Lapita pottery and parse a system or grammar that they all follow. or grammar that they all follow. or grammar that they all follow. As the Lapita moved across the Pacific Ocean, As the Lapita moved across the Pacific Ocean, As the Lapita moved across the Pacific Ocean, the design system changed incrementally the design system changed incrementally the design system changed incrementally but still adhered to the rules of the system, but still adhered to the rules of the system, but still adhered to the rules of the system, whether it was a simple decoration whether it was a simple decoration whether it was a simple decoration or an intricate pattern with an occasional face or figure. or an intricate pattern with an occasional face or figure. or an intricate pattern with an occasional face or figure. The other really cool thing The other really cool thing The other really cool thing is that some of this design system is that some of this design system is that some of this design system can be seen in more recent bark cloth decorations, can be seen in more recent bark cloth decorations, can be seen in more recent bark cloth decorations, like this one from the Lau Islands in Fiji like this one from the Lau Islands in Fiji like this one from the Lau Islands in Fiji that dates to the late 19th or early 20th century. that dates to the late 19th or early 20th century. that dates to the late 19th or early 20th century. And you can also see it in pottery And you can also see it in pottery And you can also see it in pottery that is still made in this way by descendants that is still made in this way by descendants that is still made in this way by descendants of the Lapita people in Fiji and other areas of Polynesia. of the Lapita people in Fiji and other areas of Polynesia. of the Lapita people in Fiji and other areas of Polynesia. You can even detect similar patterning and tattooing You can even detect similar patterning and tattooing You can even detect similar patterning and tattooing in the area, both historically and today. in the area, both historically and today. in the area, both historically and today. In fact, the same toothy stamps that In fact, the same toothy stamps that In fact, the same toothy stamps that were used to decorate Lapita pottery were used to decorate Lapita pottery were used to decorate Lapita pottery may have been the same tools used to make tattoos. may have been the same tools used to make tattoos. may have been the same tools used to make tattoos. While there's a tremendous amount While there's a tremendous amount While there's a tremendous amount we do not know about the culture that we do not know about the culture that we do not know about the culture that created this pottery, through these fragments created this pottery, through these fragments created this pottery, through these fragments we've been able to understand something we've been able to understand something we've been able to understand something of how this great sea of islands became populated. of how this great sea of islands became populated. of how this great sea of islands became populated. We can tell that the farther East the Lapita headed, We can tell that the farther East the Lapita headed, We can tell that the farther East the Lapita headed, the more simple the patterning of their pottery became, the more simple the patterning of their pottery became, the more simple the patterning of their pottery became, and that they encountered and mixed and that they encountered and mixed and that they encountered and mixed with numerous other cultures along the way. with numerous other cultures along the way. with numerous other cultures along the way. Through these remnants we can appreciate the miraculousness Through these remnants we can appreciate the miraculousness Through these remnants we can appreciate the miraculousness of the journeys undertaken by the ancestors of those of the journeys undertaken by the ancestors of those of the journeys undertaken by the ancestors of those who are living in the Central Pacific today. who are living in the Central Pacific today. who are living in the Central Pacific today. Next we'll focus on the migration story Next we'll focus on the migration story Next we'll focus on the migration story of the Mexika people from their homeland of the Mexika people from their homeland of the Mexika people from their homeland of Aztlan to the Valley of Mexico. of Aztlan to the Valley of Mexico. of Aztlan to the Valley of Mexico. We know about this story through a variety We know about this story through a variety We know about this story through a variety of sources that combine history and myth, of sources that combine history and myth, of sources that combine history and myth, one of the most central of which one of the most central of which one of the most central of which is the "Tira de la Peregrinación," is the "Tira de la Peregrinación," is the "Tira de la Peregrinación," which translates to "The Pilgrimage Strip." which translates to "The Pilgrimage Strip." which translates to "The Pilgrimage Strip." It's a book made from one long sheet of fig bark, It's a book made from one long sheet of fig bark, It's a book made from one long sheet of fig bark, accordion folded into 21 and 1/2 pages, accordion folded into 21 and 1/2 pages, accordion folded into 21 and 1/2 pages, created at some point between 1530 and 1541, created at some point between 1530 and 1541, created at some point between 1530 and 1541, just about 10 years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. just about 10 years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. just about 10 years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. It comes from a long tradition of bookmaking It comes from a long tradition of bookmaking It comes from a long tradition of bookmaking in Mexika culture that began thousands of years in Mexika culture that began thousands of years in Mexika culture that began thousands of years before Europeans invaded, and well before before Europeans invaded, and well before before Europeans invaded, and well before the Mexika began to be referred to the Mexika began to be referred to the Mexika began to be referred to as Aztecs in the early 19th century. as Aztecs in the early 19th century. as Aztecs in the early 19th century. Typically made from deer hides, cloth, Typically made from deer hides, cloth, Typically made from deer hides, cloth, or a variety of plant-based papers, or a variety of plant-based papers, or a variety of plant-based papers, these books, or codices, as they're also called, these books, or codices, as they're also called, these books, or codices, as they're also called, consist primarily of images and pictograms that consist primarily of images and pictograms that consist primarily of images and pictograms that form a kind of picture writing. form a kind of picture writing. form a kind of picture writing. This particular book is often called the Boturini Codex This particular book is often called the Boturini Codex This particular book is often called the Boturini Codex after the Italian collector after the Italian collector after the Italian collector who owned it in the 18th century. who owned it in the 18th century. who owned it in the 18th century. And its images are rendered in black ink, And its images are rendered in black ink, And its images are rendered in black ink, not colored as was customary. not colored as was customary. not colored as was customary. The book is unfinished, likely intended The book is unfinished, likely intended The book is unfinished, likely intended to have been longer and brightly painted. to have been longer and brightly painted. to have been longer and brightly painted. And while it was created in the 16th century, And while it was created in the 16th century, And while it was created in the 16th century, the migration it illustrates is one the migration it illustrates is one the migration it illustrates is one that began in the 12th century, that began in the 12th century, that began in the 12th century, when a relatively small community of Mexika when a relatively small community of Mexika when a relatively small community of Mexika left Aztlan, a place that may or may not have been real. left Aztlan, a place that may or may not have been real. left Aztlan, a place that may or may not have been real. It's described as being located on a lake It's described as being located on a lake It's described as being located on a lake and is thought to be somewhere in present-day northern Mexico and is thought to be somewhere in present-day northern Mexico and is thought to be somewhere in present-day northern Mexico or the southwestern United States. or the southwestern United States. or the southwestern United States. The Mexika left at the urging of their patron deity, The Mexika left at the urging of their patron deity, The Mexika left at the urging of their patron deity, Huitzilopochtli, whom we can see carried Huitzilopochtli, whom we can see carried Huitzilopochtli, whom we can see carried on the back of a figure embarking on this journey on the back of a figure embarking on this journey on the back of a figure embarking on this journey to establish a new settlement. to establish a new settlement. to establish a new settlement. Through the book we follow the footprints of the Mexika Through the book we follow the footprints of the Mexika Through the book we follow the footprints of the Mexika as they travel looking for the sign of an eagle as they travel looking for the sign of an eagle as they travel looking for the sign of an eagle on a cactus, which their deity told them on a cactus, which their deity told them on a cactus, which their deity told them would be the signal to settle. would be the signal to settle. would be the signal to settle. The story unfolds sequentially in a combination The story unfolds sequentially in a combination The story unfolds sequentially in a combination of images and glyphs that identify of images and glyphs that identify of images and glyphs that identify general types of places, general types of places, general types of places, as well as particular place names. as well as particular place names. as well as particular place names. For example, this place glyph identifies Chapultepec, For example, this place glyph identifies Chapultepec, For example, this place glyph identifies Chapultepec, the same grasshopper hill you can still visit the same grasshopper hill you can still visit the same grasshopper hill you can still visit today on the western edge of Mexico City. today on the western edge of Mexico City. today on the western edge of Mexico City. Later written accounts indicate Later written accounts indicate Later written accounts indicate that the travelers witnessed this sign that the travelers witnessed this sign that the travelers witnessed this sign in 1325 on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, in 1325 on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, in 1325 on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, where they established their capital city of Tenochtitlan. where they established their capital city of Tenochtitlan. where they established their capital city of Tenochtitlan. Through warfare, they went on to conquer Through warfare, they went on to conquer Through warfare, they went on to conquer most of what is now Central and Southern Mexico, most of what is now Central and Southern Mexico, most of what is now Central and Southern Mexico, and formed the Triple Alliance with the lords and formed the Triple Alliance with the lords and formed the Triple Alliance with the lords of Texcoco and Tlacopan to strengthen their power. of Texcoco and Tlacopan to strengthen their power. of Texcoco and Tlacopan to strengthen their power. The city developed into a bustling metropolis The city developed into a bustling metropolis The city developed into a bustling metropolis and was a marvel of engineering and was a marvel of engineering and was a marvel of engineering with sophisticated causeways with sophisticated causeways with sophisticated causeways linking islands, and aqueducts bringing in fresh water. linking islands, and aqueducts bringing in fresh water. linking islands, and aqueducts bringing in fresh water. The Mexika were successful traders, The Mexika were successful traders, The Mexika were successful traders, importing and exporting a wide array of goods, importing and exporting a wide array of goods, importing and exporting a wide array of goods, and received valuable materials as tribute and received valuable materials as tribute and received valuable materials as tribute from conquered areas. from conquered areas. from conquered areas. They were accomplished artists, creating monumental They were accomplished artists, creating monumental They were accomplished artists, creating monumental stone sculptures, as well as mosaics, feather works, stone sculptures, as well as mosaics, feather works, stone sculptures, as well as mosaics, feather works, and, of course, illustrated manuscripts. and, of course, illustrated manuscripts. and, of course, illustrated manuscripts. When Hernán Cortés and his Spanish army arrived in 1519, When Hernán Cortés and his Spanish army arrived in 1519, When Hernán Cortés and his Spanish army arrived in 1519, Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities in the world, although it would fall to the Spanish in only a few years. although it would fall to the Spanish in only a few years. although it would fall to the Spanish in only a few years. This book charts a journey that is mythohistorical, This book charts a journey that is mythohistorical, This book charts a journey that is mythohistorical, combining aspects of mythology with historical components. combining aspects of mythology with historical components. combining aspects of mythology with historical components. The Mexika did settle in Tenochtitlan The Mexika did settle in Tenochtitlan The Mexika did settle in Tenochtitlan and created an enormously powerful empire. and created an enormously powerful empire. and created an enormously powerful empire. And this book is an important chronicle of that history And this book is an important chronicle of that history And this book is an important chronicle of that history as told by the descendants of those as told by the descendants of those as told by the descendants of those who undertook the journey. who undertook the journey. who undertook the journey. The Spanish burned or destroyed a vast amount The Spanish burned or destroyed a vast amount The Spanish burned or destroyed a vast amount of Mexika cultural heritage. of Mexika cultural heritage. of Mexika cultural heritage. And we rely on codices like this one And we rely on codices like this one And we rely on codices like this one to keep this heritage alive, as well as, to keep this heritage alive, as well as, to keep this heritage alive, as well as, of course, the spectacular remains of Tenochtitlan, of course, the spectacular remains of Tenochtitlan, of course, the spectacular remains of Tenochtitlan, parts of which, like the Templo Mayor, parts of which, like the Templo Mayor, parts of which, like the Templo Mayor, have been excavated have been excavated have been excavated and are on view in the heart of present-day Mexico City. and are on view in the heart of present-day Mexico City. and are on view in the heart of present-day Mexico City. And it's worth noting that this origin story And it's worth noting that this origin story And it's worth noting that this origin story is clearly referenced in the Mexican flag, is clearly referenced in the Mexican flag, is clearly referenced in the Mexican flag, at whose center sits an eagle perched atop a cactus. at whose center sits an eagle perched atop a cactus. at whose center sits an eagle perched atop a cactus. The final work we'll explore is also The final work we'll explore is also The final work we'll explore is also a book created only a few decades later a book created only a few decades later a book created only a few decades later but in an entirely different part of the world. but in an entirely different part of the world. but in an entirely different part of the world. And the story this one tells is less literally And the story this one tells is less literally And the story this one tells is less literally about the migration of people and more about the migration of people and more about the migration of people and more about the movement of traditions and ideas. about the movement of traditions and ideas. about the movement of traditions and ideas. The Akbarnama was commissioned by none other than Akbar, The Akbarnama was commissioned by none other than Akbar, The Akbarnama was commissioned by none other than Akbar, the third emperor of the Mughal dynasty, the third emperor of the Mughal dynasty, the third emperor of the Mughal dynasty, a Muslim empire established in India a Muslim empire established in India a Muslim empire established in India in the early 16th century. in the early 16th century. in the early 16th century. Translating to "The Chronicle" or "Book of Akbar," Translating to "The Chronicle" or "Book of Akbar," Translating to "The Chronicle" or "Book of Akbar," it tells the story of his life in three volumes composed it tells the story of his life in three volumes composed it tells the story of his life in three volumes composed of text and miniature paintings. of text and miniature paintings. of text and miniature paintings. Akbar was born in 1543 in Pakistan Akbar was born in 1543 in Pakistan Akbar was born in 1543 in Pakistan and inherited the Mughal territories and inherited the Mughal territories and inherited the Mughal territories at the tender age of 13 after the sudden death at the tender age of 13 after the sudden death at the tender age of 13 after the sudden death of his father, Humayuan. of his father, Humayuan. of his father, Humayuan. After living in exile in Iran for a number of years, After living in exile in Iran for a number of years, After living in exile in Iran for a number of years, Humayuan had become a full convert Humayuan had become a full convert Humayuan had become a full convert to the language, art, and cultural traditions of Persia. to the language, art, and cultural traditions of Persia. to the language, art, and cultural traditions of Persia. And when he returned to power, And when he returned to power, And when he returned to power, he brought these ideas back with him to India he brought these ideas back with him to India he brought these ideas back with him to India and established a workshop of miniature painters and established a workshop of miniature painters and established a workshop of miniature painters led by two master artists from Iran. led by two master artists from Iran. led by two master artists from Iran. Akbar took great interest in the workshop Akbar took great interest in the workshop Akbar took great interest in the workshop and expanded it, commissioning numerous manuscripts, and expanded it, commissioning numerous manuscripts, and expanded it, commissioning numerous manuscripts, including the Akbarnama, which was begun in 1569 including the Akbarnama, which was begun in 1569 including the Akbarnama, which was begun in 1569 and completed in the 1590s. and completed in the 1590s. and completed in the 1590s. The book was written by Akbar's court historian The book was written by Akbar's court historian The book was written by Akbar's court historian and illustrated by artists from Persia, and illustrated by artists from Persia, and illustrated by artists from Persia, as well as many regions of India, both Muslim and Hindu. as well as many regions of India, both Muslim and Hindu. as well as many regions of India, both Muslim and Hindu. The work they created was a remarkable and highly The work they created was a remarkable and highly The work they created was a remarkable and highly distinctive blend of approaches and styles, distinctive blend of approaches and styles, distinctive blend of approaches and styles, blending indigenous Indian techniques with Persian, blending indigenous Indian techniques with Persian, blending indigenous Indian techniques with Persian, as well as European traditions. as well as European traditions. as well as European traditions. They opted for the vertical format common They opted for the vertical format common They opted for the vertical format common to Persian miniature painting, and often posed figures to Persian miniature painting, and often posed figures to Persian miniature painting, and often posed figures in standard Persian gestures and poses. in standard Persian gestures and poses. in standard Persian gestures and poses. But the artist also felt free to veer from that style, But the artist also felt free to veer from that style, But the artist also felt free to veer from that style, incorporating larger scale figures incorporating larger scale figures incorporating larger scale figures and the vibrant saturated colors typical and the vibrant saturated colors typical and the vibrant saturated colors typical of the Indian tradition. of the Indian tradition. of the Indian tradition. The artist also worked in a greater illusion The artist also worked in a greater illusion The artist also worked in a greater illusion of depth influenced by artworks and texts of depth influenced by artworks and texts of depth influenced by artworks and texts from Europe brought by Jesuit missionaries to Akbar's court. from Europe brought by Jesuit missionaries to Akbar's court. from Europe brought by Jesuit missionaries to Akbar's court. The narrative of Akbar's life is filled with great action The narrative of Akbar's life is filled with great action The narrative of Akbar's life is filled with great action and intrigue, but it is this glorious movement and intrigue, but it is this glorious movement and intrigue, but it is this glorious movement of styles and techniques that is our migration of focus. of styles and techniques that is our migration of focus. of styles and techniques that is our migration of focus. The diverse range of artists who collaborated The diverse range of artists who collaborated The diverse range of artists who collaborated on this work cherished old approaches, on this work cherished old approaches, on this work cherished old approaches, but also embraced the new, but also embraced the new, but also embraced the new, integrating multiple traditions into the fresh integrating multiple traditions into the fresh integrating multiple traditions into the fresh and cosmopolitan style that characterizes Mughal art. and cosmopolitan style that characterizes Mughal art. and cosmopolitan style that characterizes Mughal art. They were able to do this under They were able to do this under They were able to do this under the patronage of a ruler the patronage of a ruler the patronage of a ruler who encouraged religious and cultural tolerance promoted who encouraged religious and cultural tolerance promoted who encouraged religious and cultural tolerance promoted through policies, as well as art-- through policies, as well as art-- through policies, as well as art-- not just painting, but also literature, music, not just painting, but also literature, music, not just painting, but also literature, music, and architecture. and architecture. and architecture. Akbar scheduled regular viewings of the work Akbar scheduled regular viewings of the work Akbar scheduled regular viewings of the work as it was being created and gave its makers as it was being created and gave its makers as it was being created and gave its makers an exceptional degree of freedom to experiment. an exceptional degree of freedom to experiment. an exceptional degree of freedom to experiment. And by the time of his death, the imperial library And by the time of his death, the imperial library And by the time of his death, the imperial library he had built contained more than 24,000 volumes. he had built contained more than 24,000 volumes. he had built contained more than 24,000 volumes. These are only four of a great many artworks These are only four of a great many artworks These are only four of a great many artworks and objects that tell stories about the movement and objects that tell stories about the movement and objects that tell stories about the movement of people and ideas. of people and ideas. of people and ideas. There are numerous works being made now There are numerous works being made now There are numerous works being made now and that have been made in the recent past that share and that have been made in the recent past that share and that have been made in the recent past that share aspects of migration experiences, aspects of migration experiences, aspects of migration experiences, like Doris Salcedo's tremendous crack like Doris Salcedo's tremendous crack like Doris Salcedo's tremendous crack in the floor of the Tate Modern titled "Shibboleth." in the floor of the Tate Modern titled "Shibboleth." in the floor of the Tate Modern titled "Shibboleth." It was made to represent the immigrant experience in Europe It was made to represent the immigrant experience in Europe It was made to represent the immigrant experience in Europe and the lines that separate those who and the lines that separate those who and the lines that separate those who belong from those who do not; belong from those who do not; belong from those who do not; and AI Weiwei's 2017 film Human Flow, and AI Weiwei's 2017 film Human Flow, and AI Weiwei's 2017 film Human Flow, which takes you through 23 countries in the course which takes you through 23 countries in the course which takes you through 23 countries in the course of a year and gives direct views into the scale, of a year and gives direct views into the scale, of a year and gives direct views into the scale, as well as the individual faces, as well as the individual faces, as well as the individual faces, of the contemporary global refugee crisis. of the contemporary global refugee crisis. of the contemporary global refugee crisis. What are the works that stand out What are the works that stand out What are the works that stand out to you as remarkable chronicles of migration, to you as remarkable chronicles of migration, to you as remarkable chronicles of migration, either from today or from the past? either from today or from the past? either from today or from the past? Let's talk about them in the comments, Let's talk about them in the comments, Let's talk about them in the comments, and also discuss how and these objects from art history and also discuss how and these objects from art history and also discuss how and these objects from art history might shed light on the issues that surround us today. might shed light on the issues that surround us today. might shed light on the issues that surround us today.